Soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNF RI) serum
For the quantitative measurement of soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1). The pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFα and its soluble receptor, sTNFR1, are potent modulators of the inflammatory process.
About Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD)
Graft versus host disease (GvHD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality associated with allogeneic stem cell transplants. GvHD occurs in 30 – 50% of HLA-matched sibling transplants and 60 – 90% of matched unrelated donors.1,2 GvHD often manifests in the skin, liver and/or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and is caused by immune dysregulation that is initiated when allogeneic donor T cells recognize host tissues as foreign. GvHD may be either acute or chronic. Acute GvHD (aGvHD), which typically occurs in the first 3 months post-transplant, has an incidence of 19 – 66% and carries a poor prognosis if the disease is severe. Chronic GvHD (cGvHD) occurs 3 months to > 1 year post-transplant and has a pathophysiology that is distinct from aGvHD, although poorly understood. The overall incidence of cGvHD is 40 – 50%.3
Pre-transplant conditioning regimens may damage host tissue, which in turn leads to inflammatory cytokine release (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1 and IL-6) directly from damaged tissues. The inflammatory cytokines stimulate antigen presenting cells which present host antigens to donor lymphocytes. In response, donor T cells proliferate, differentiate and undergo activation. Once donor T cells are activated, pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced in large quantities resulting in additional inflammation, recruitment of neutrophils to the site, and ultimately severe tissue damage. Administration of immunosuppressive agents are commonly used to treat cases of GvHD.
In skin, aGvHD frequently manifests as a maculopapular skin rash due to cellular/tissue damage. In the GI tract, aGvHD which frequently manifests as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, secretory diarrhea and in severe cases abdominal pain and at times hemorrhage, is caused by cellular damage to the mucosal epithelial barrier of the small intestines. The occurrence of aGvHD in the liver results in elevated bilirubin levels, indicative of liver damage.
Diagnosis of aGvHD has traditionally been based on the clinical presentation and ruling out other etiologies through differential diagnosis. In some cases biopsies of the liver, skin or GI tract are performed. In recent years, measurement of specific biomarkers, some of which are cytokines, has been shown to provide improved aGvHD diagnostic and prognostic approaches while utilizing in vitro methods and readily available samples such as serum. Recent research has identified several key biomarkers useful for aGvHD diagnosis and prognosis.4
ProcedureThe assay for quantification of sTNFR1 is a sandwich ELISA performed in a microtiter plate format. Conversion of a chromogenic substrate produces a color, the intensity of which is proportional to the concentration of sTNFR1 in the sample material. A standard curve is used to calculate the concentration of sTNFR1 in each of the test samples. This test has not been cleared or approved for diagnostic use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
SpecificitySpecific to human sTNFR1.
3 business days from receipt of specimen
| Specimen Type | Test Code | CPT Code | NY Approved | Volume | Assay Range | Special Instructions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| serum | 30144 | 84238 | Yes | 1 mL |
0.2 - 16 ng/mL |
|
The reference range for a healthy population is less than 2.4 ng/mL. However it should be noted that these ranges are obtained from a limited population of apparently healthy adults and are not diagnostic thresholds.
ShippingShip Monday through Friday. Friday shipments must be labeled for Saturday delivery. All specimens must be labeled with patient's name and collection date. A Viracor Eurofins test requisition form must accompany each specimen. Multiple tests can be run on one specimen. Ship specimens FedEx Priority Overnight® to: Viracor Eurofins, 18000 W 99th St. Ste, #10, Lenexa, KS 66219.
Causes for RejectionInvalid specimen type, inadequate volume, gross hemolysis or gross lipemia, sample not frozen upon receipt.
Specimens are approved for testing in New York only when indicated in the Specimen Information field above.
The CPT codes provided are based on Viracor Eurofins' interpretation of the American Medical Association's Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes and are provided for general informational purposes only. CPT coding is the sole responsibility of the billing party. Questions regarding coding should be addressed to your local Medicare carrier. Viracor Eurofins assumes no responsibility for billing errors due to reliance on the CPT codes illustrated in this material.
References1 Ball LM, Egeler RM, EBMT Paediatric Working Party. Acute GvHD: pathogenesis and classification. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008 Jun;41 Suppl 2:S58-64.
2 Deeg HJ, Henslee-Downey PJ. Management of acute graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1990 Jul;6(1):1-8.
3 Atkinson K. Chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1990 Feb;5(2):69-82.
4 Paczesny S, Krijanovski OI, Bruan TM, et al. A biomarker panel for acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood. 2009 Jan 8;113(2):273-8.
August, KJ, KY Chiang, RM Bostick, WE Flanders, EK Waller, A Langston, D Worthington-White, P Rowland, KF Moore, HJ Khoury and JT Horan. 2011. Biomarkers of immune activation to screen for severe, acute GVHD. Bone Marrow Transpl 46: 601-604.
dePablo, R, J Monserrat, E Reyes, D Diaz-Martin, MR Zapata, F Carballo, A de la Hera, A Prieto and M Alvarez-Mon. 2011, Mortality in patients with septic shock correlates with anti-inflammatory but not proinflammatory immunomodulatory molecules. J Intensive Care Med 26(2): 125-132.
Sakata, N, M Yasui, T Okamura, M Inoue, K yumura-Yagi and K Kawa. 2001. Kinetics of plasma cytokines after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors: the ratio of plasma IL-10/sTNFR level as a potential prognostic marker in severe acute graft-versus-host disease.
Spoettl, T, M Hausmann, F Klebl, A Dirmeier, B Klump, J Hoffmann, H Herfarth, A Timmer, G Rogler. 2007. Serum soluble TNF receptor I and II levels correlate with disease activity in IBD patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 13(6): 727-732.
Glossop, JR, PT DSawes, NB Nixon, DL Mattey. 2005. Polymorphism in the tumour necrosis factor receptor II gene is associated with circulating levels of soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 7(6): R1227-1234.
Majewski, S, A Wojas-Pelc, M Malejczyk, E Szymanska and S Jablonska. 1999. Serum levels of soluble TNF alpha receptor type I and the severity of systemic sclerosis. Acta Derm Venereol 79(3): 207-210.
Choi SW, P Stiff, K Cooke, JLM Ferrara, T Braun, C Kitko, P Reddy , G Yanik, S Mineishi, S paczesny, D Hanauer, A Pawarode, E Peres, T Rodriguez, S Smith and JE Levine. 2012. TNF-Inhibition with Etanercept for Graft-versus-Host disease prevention in high risk HCT: Lower TNFRI levels correlate with better outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant: Biol Blood Marrow Transpl 18: 1517-1524.
Paczesny, S, OI Krijanovski, TM Braun, SW Choi, SG Clouthier, R Kuick, DE Misek, KR Cooke, CL Kitko, A Weyand, D Bickley, D Jones, J Whitfield, P Reddy, JE Levine, SM Hanash and JLM Ferrara. 2009. A biomarker panel for acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 113(2): 273-278.
John E. Levine, Brent R. Logan, Juan Wu, Amin M. Alousi, Javier Bolaños-Meade, James L.M. Ferrara, Vincent T. Ho, Daniel J. Weisdorf and Sophie Paczesny (2012) Acute graft-versus-host disease biomarkers measured during therapy can predict treatment outcomes: a Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network study. Blood. 119(16):3854-3860.