Get the Complete Picture
Immunology Testing
Specialized Testing to Evaluate Your Patients’ Innate and Adaptive Immune System, Function and Response
Non-invasive Monitoring
Testing Innovation You Can Count On
Providing You a Range of High Complexity Testing Options for a More Complete Picture of the Immune System in the Following Areas:
- Bone marrow and solid organ transplantation
- Primary immune deficiencies
- Acquired immune deficiency syndromes
- Autoimmune diseases
- Hypersensitivity
- Vaccine efficacy
Pneumococcal Panels
We offer an expanded portfolio of Pneumococcal Antibody Panels including PCV15 (15 serotypes), PCV20 (20 serotypes), PPSV23 (23 serotypes), the newly launched PCV21 (21 serotypes), and a comprehensive 32‑serotype vaccine assay, providing clinicians with broad coverage across all serotypes included in currently approved pneumococcal vaccines.1 These multiplexed bead‑based assays measure Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype‑specific IgG antibody concentrations (titers) in patients before and after vaccination and are valuable in assessing protective immunity in individuals with recurrent infections or suspected primary or secondary immunodeficiencies. The expanded panels now include nine additional serotypes such as 15A, 15C, 16F, 23A, 23B, 24F, 31, and 35B, enhancing clinicians’ ability to evaluate immune response with greater accuracy.2
Antibody avidity also remains an essential determinant of protective efficacy against S. pneumoniae. Higher‑avidity antibodies are a key indicator of a fully functional immune system, and avidity continues to serve as an independent correlate of protection, complementing IgG concentration measurements. Our Pneumococcal Avidity Panels measure antibody avidity to serotypes included in pneumococcal vaccines, supporting assessment of humoral immune function alongside the newly expanded IgG serotype coverage.
View our pneumo test menu to explore the full range of assays available and learn more about how we can support your specialized testing needs.
Cytokines
Cytokines play a critical role in regulating immunologic pathways and cellular processes. As research and clinical understanding of immune function continue to expand, precise measurement of cytokine and chemokine activity can provide valuable insight into normal biological responses and pathological conditions.
We've expanded our cytokine testing menu with plasma-based assays for CXCL9, CXCL10, and IL-18. These biomarkers are involved in T cell-mediated immune activation, inflammatory signaling, and communication between the innate and adaptive immune systems. They are being investigated for their relevance in allograft injury, acute rejection, chronic graft dysfunction, and other immune-mediated conditions.
The new assays include:
These quantitative assays use a minimally invasive EDTA plasma specimen and offer a 24-hour turnaround time from specimen receipt for qualifying orders.
We also provide 24-hour turnaround times for the majority of our cytokine assays, delivering faster, actionable insights to support specialized testing needs, immune-monitoring protocols, and research workflows.
To support customized research and diagnostic workflows, individual cytokine assays may also be combined into custom panels. Select and combine specific test codes from our broad cytokine menu to create a testing configuration aligned with your project or protocol requirements.
View our Cytokines test menu to explore the full range of cytokines available and learn more about how we can support your specialized testing needs.
Immune Activation Biomarkers for Transplant Monitoring
Detect Inflammation Before Clinical Deterioration
Our immune activation biomarker assays include CXCL9, CXCL10, and IL-18, cytokine and chemokine assays that provide quantitative insight into immune activation, inflammatory signaling, and transplant-associated immune responses.
These biomarkers are being investigated for their relevance in:
- Allograft injury monitoring
- Transplant rejection surveillance
- GVHD and inflammatory response evaluation
- Solid organ transplantation
- Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
Spotlight on Flow Cytometry and MSD testing platforms
The capability for analysis of both cell surface and intracellular components has made flow cytometry a well-established and essential tool in medical diagnostics, as well as pharmaceutical and clinical research. The fields of immunology, transplantation, hematology, genetics, cancer and HIV have particularly benefited due to flow cytometry’s capabilities to detect many parameters from a single cell in a rapid, accurate, non-invasive manner. Viracor uses flow cytometry to provide you with:
- Assistance in the prognosis and monitoring of disease states
- Drug therapy monitoring
- Monitoring immunological response in transplant patients
- Determining the adequacy of immunosuppressive therapies through T-cell analysis
- Detecting subtle changes in cellular components
- Determining mechanisms of infectious diseases
The rapid expansion in flow cytometry applications allow the testing platform to play an even larger role in medicine and systems biology in the future.
Using multiplex array format with Meso Scale Discovery (MSD®) Sector Imager 2400, MSD Cytokine assays measure from one to ten cytokines in a 96 well MULTI-SPOT plate. The assay employs a sandwich immunoassay format. MSD technology uses electrochemiluminescence detection; a CCD camera allows for the quantification of light emitted from each spot in each well. MSD software generates a standard curve to determine sample cytokine concentrations.
References
1. Fried AJ, Altrich ML, Liu H, Halsey JF, Bonilla FA. Correlation of Pneumococcal Antibody Concentration and Avidity with Patient Clinical and Immunologic Characteristics. J Clin Immunol. 2013 Feb. [Epub ahead of print]
2. Usinger WR, Lucas AH. Avidity as a determinant of the protective efficacy of human antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides. Infect Immun. 1999 May;67(5):2366-70.
3. Ekstrom N, Ahman H, Verho J, et al. Kinetics and Avidity of Antibodies Evoked by Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines PncCRM and PncOMPC in the Finnish Otitis Media Vaccine Trial. Infect Immun. 2005 Jan;73(1):369-77.
4. Musher DM, Phan H M, Watson D A, Baughn R E. Antibody to capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae at the time of hospital admission for Pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2000;182(1):158-67
5. Sun Y, Young-IL H, Moon NH. Avidity, Potency, and Cross-Reactivity of Monoclonal Antibodies to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Serotype 6B. Infect Immun. 2001 Jan;69(1):336-44.
6. Romero-Steiner S, Musher DM, Cetron MS, Pais LB, Groover JE, Fiore AE, et al. Reduction in functional antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in vaccinated elderly individuals highly correlates with decreased IgG antibody avidity. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;29(2):281-8.
7. Vermont CL, van Dijken HH, van Limpt CJP, de Groot R, Van Alphen L, van den Dobbelsteen GPJM. Antibody Avidity and Immunoglobulin G Isotype Distribution following Immunization with a Monovalent Meningococcal B Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine. Infect Immun. 2002 Feb;70(2):584-590.
8. Pullen GR, Fitzgerald Margaret G, Hosking CS. Antibody avidity determination by ELISA using thiocyanate elution. J Immun Methods. 1986 Jan 22;86(1)83-87.
9. Lee LH, Frasch CE, Falk LA, Klein DL, Deal CD. Correlates of immunity for pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Vaccine. 2003 May 16;21(17-18):2190-6.
10. Orange JS, Ballow M, Stiehm ER, et al. Use and interpretation of diagnostic vaccination in primary immunodeficiency: a working group report of the Basic and Clinical Immunology Interest Section of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Sep;130(3 Suppl):S1-24.
11. Bonilla FA, Bernstein IL, Khan DA, et al. Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005 May;94(5 Suppl 1): S1-63.
12. Schauer U, Stemberg F, Rieger CH, et al. Levels of antibodies specific to tetanus toxoid, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide in healthy children and adults. Clin & Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003 Mar;10(2):202-7.
13. Silk HJ, Zora JA, Goldstein J, Tinkleman DG and Schiffman G. Response to pneumococcal immunization in children with and without recurrent infections. J of Asthma. 998;35(1): 101-12.
14. Popa V, Kim K, Heiner DC. IgG deficiency in adults with recurrent respiratory infections. Annals Allergy. 1993 May;70(5):418-24.
15. Wheeler JG, Steiner D. Evaluation of humoral responsiveness in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992 Apr;11(4):304-10.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal Vaccine Recommendations. Webpage published October 26, 2024. Accessed January 5, 2026. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/hcp/vaccine-recommendations/
17. Douglas J, Davidson J, Church M, Nutt J, Morris P, Kleiboeker S. Development of a Luminex Multiplexed Bead Based Assay to Detect IgG Vaccine Response to 32 Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes. Poster presented at: IDWeek 2025; October 2025; United States. Eurofins Viracor, Lenexa, KS.